Stress in Athletics Essay examples -- Sports Athletics Athletes Teams

Worry in Athletics In the Journal article by Mark H. Anshel, entitled Qualitative Validation of a Model For Coping With Acute Stress In Sports. Clarifies how stress influences competitors, and how they can go going to manage the issue, or adapt to the issue. The creator separates this into four classes. Initially, they need to see a boost or encountering an occasion, furthermore, evaluating that occasion as distressing, thirdly, utilizing either approach or shirking adapting procedures each comprising of either subjective or social methodologies, lastly instituting post-adapting action that comprises of either staying on task, reappraising the upsetting circumstance, analyzing the viability of the adapting technique, or withdrawing from further game support. Stress itself is a broadly contemplated trademark; it is characterized as an association between an individual and the general condition. Most exploration on stress is simply new, however has been a point throughout the previous 20 years. Yet, most new examinations on stress need to manage the adapting procedure. â€Å"Coping is the person’s cognizant endeavor at diminishing or dealing with the requests of a distressing occasion or extending the person’s assets to manage the occasion (Anshel, 2001).† Previous exploration by Gottlieb (1997) clarified â€Å"how adapting techniques identified with intense types of pressure vary from ceaseless pressure, and that numerous settings of incessant pressure don't end themselves to an occasion focused system of estimating adapting (pg...

The Scarlet Letter essay: Why was Dimmesdale’s Suffering Worse Than Hester’s?

In Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter, Mr. Dimmesdale’s most noteworthy mystery is his transgression of infidelity with Hester Prynne. Mr. Dimmesdale expected that his spirit couldn't bear the disgrace of such an exposure due to his status as a significant good figure in the public eye. Therefore, he stays quiet about his way of life as Hester is openly scorned for their demonstration of infidelity. Regardless of his decision of blame over disgrace, Mr.Dimmesdale’s private self-exacted internal strife that is exacerbated by the torments of Roger Chillingworth, consumed his physical being and mental state, causing a lot more noteworthy enduring than Hester’s open disgrace of the red letter. A significant part of the anguish, physical and mental, that Arthur Dimmesdale suffers is self-caused because of the gigantic load of his feeling of remorse. Expecting that he would not have the option to hold up under the discipline from the general population, he decided to stay mysterious in his transgressions. In doing as such, he thought little of the measure of mental torment and enduring he would suffer by his own hand.By just admitting to himself, he doesn't satisfy the necessities of apology, for there is nobody to excuse him yet himself. He doesn't permit his still, small voice to be purified, and along these lines should live with his wrongdoings. His enthusiastic agony drives him to deliver torment with a â€Å"bloody scourge†, which he had regularly â€Å"plied all alone shoulders†(99). He delivers extraordinary physical torment notwithstanding his psychological torment. In the early Christian church, self-flogging was forced as a methods for compensation and cleaning for rebellious ministry and laity.In the good book, Proverbs relates that overwhelms â€Å"cleanse evil† and stripes wash the heart (Prov 20:30). He is attempting to reclaim and wash down himself without admission, yet this is incomprehensible. Through this self-mutilation, he endeavors to alleviate his psychological agony by incurring self torment; he locate this unacceptable on the grounds that he despite everything fails to participate in the most significant part of recovery, admission. He additionally thoroughly fasts, as another endeavor to wash down his spirit. Hawthorne composes, â€Å"it was his custom, as well, as it has been that of numerous different devout Puritans, to quick, †not, in any case, as them†¦Ã¢ but thoroughly, and until his knees trembled underneath him, as a demonstration of penance†(99).Religiously, fasting is generally utilized as a type of cleaning and spotlight on otherworldliness. By and by, he utilizes materially torment as an endeavor to assuage his psychological torment. By taking an interest in this ineffective purging, he just surrenders himself to more prominent mental torment; what he examined and knew to be a fix of blame and sin just intensifies his own. The circumst ance becomes miserable when his ways bomb him, and this destroys his strict convictions, which are the premise of his whole life.He faces a whole character emergency, and this is something Hester never needed to persevere. Indeed, she withstood her a lot of depression and enduring, yet never to the extraordinary where she went to self-mutilation to assuage herself. He endeavors to reclaim his discolored soul through different demonstrations of penitence, yet everything is futile in light of the fact that it is totally managed without an admission. His torment is all inside himself; he is his own avoiding, tattling townspeople and his own stone tossing youngsters. There is no place for him to hide.He is completely consumed by his wrongdoings and they destroy him. Hester, who’s openly tormented by others while around, however it may be similarly as frightful around then, is as yet lesser than Dimmesdale’s suufering. Hester has a break course. She has the shelter of her h ome outside of town, where she can escape from the tattle and disdain. She likewise openly grasps her responsibility in the undertaking, which permits her to acknowledge the discipline, proceed onward, and make something great out of it. Hester turns into a maternal figure for the network because of her experiences.She thinks about poor people and brings them food and attire. Before the finish of the novel, the disgrace of the red letter is a distant memory. She doesn’t owe anything to the townspeople any longer. Some even overlook what the red A rely on. Dimmesdale, then again, as an all around regarded serve, remains at the focal point of his locale, being the promoter of strict and good principles of that Puritan culture. He should stay around, apparently lecturing others about devotion and staying righteous, and inside feeling like an imposter.Dimmesdale understands his deficiency secluded from everything his transgression, yet his longing to atone is more than once defea t by his hankering for open endorsement. He is their ethical compass, yet he himself is lost. This drives Dimmesdale to additionally disguise his blame and self-discipline and prompts still more decay in his physical and profound condition. In light of Dimmesdale’s choice to stay mysterious, he unknowingly makes a duality in character inside himself that outcomes in the weakening of his psychological well-being.Dimmesdale, as the worshipped town serve, must keep up this division in character; he is continually lauded for his integrity and requested good and profound counsel, while he is wild inside. Hester is liberated to be whom she satisfies. The townspeople don't trust Dimmesdale’s protestations of wickedness. Given his experience and his affection for explanatory discourse, Dimmesdale’s assembly for the most part deciphers his lessons allegorically as opposed to as articulations of any close to home guilt.He sets up the strict importance of his words to cont end with the setting in which he talks them. Dimmesdale's manner of speaking, his situation as pastor, his notoriety for being a virtuous man, and the class of the message permit him to state, â€Å"I am the best miscreant among you,† however be comprehended to be modest, devout, and faithful. His internal identity is frantically attempting to admit, however his self worried about open appearance just permits him to do it such that he wont be taken actually. He is basically at war with himself.By staying mystery, Dimmesdale destined himself to a lot more prominent enduring than if he somehow managed to be openly censured with Hester in light of the fact that he exposed himself to long stretches of self-torment and an unflinching mission for hopeless atonement. The job of Roger Chillingsworth in Dimmesdale’s torment enhances the agony of the wrongdoing, causing a lot more prominent enduring than Hester who just communicated with the specialist on scanty events. As his n ame proposes, Roger Chillingworth is a man inadequate of human warmth. His contorted, stooped, disfigured shoulders reflect his misshaped soul.Under the pretense of another specialist around with healthy goals towards the youthful clergyman and his wellbeing, Chillingsworth gains his trust and they move in together shaping extremely impossible to miss mutually dependent relationship. Chillingworth needs Dimmesdale to feed his acumen and to be the object of his fanatical want that he can control and at last wreck; Dimmesdale needs Chillingworth to keep his blame alive, the consistent inciting from the specialist for Dimmesdale to uncover his internal sin powers Dimmesdale to be continually helped to remember his offenses. Chillingworth resembles a parasite. He drains Mr.Dimmesdale’s life power out of wiped out requirement for reparation for Dimmesdale’s activities against him. Dimmesdale is subliminally mindful of his reliance of Chillingworth, for he can't and doesn't split away. Their relationship is depicted in this statement, â€Å"Nevertheless, time went on; a sort of closeness, as we have stated, grew up between these two developed personalities, which had as wide a field as the entire circle of human idea and study to meet upon; they examined each subject of morals and religion, of open issues, and private character; they talked a lot, on the two sides, of issues that appeared to be close to home to themselves..â€Å"(P#). Chillingworth lived and flourished off the agony and blame he continually caused on Dimmesdale, and in a wound way Dimmesdale depended on this mental torment to promote his self-exacted look for pardoning. The job of Roger Chillingsworth in Dimmesdale’s torment escalates Dimmesdale’s enduring, causing Dimmesdale to suffer inconceivably more than Hester who had the option to stay away from the malevolent specialist. Some contend that it was Hester who endured the most all through the novel. They state that as a result of her wrongdoing Hester got confined from the others in her society.They embody this with the statement, â€Å"Who had been naturally familiar with Hester Prynne, were presently dazzle as though they observed her just because was the Scarlet Letter, so incredibly weaved and lit up upon her chest. It had the impact of an illuminate taking her of the normal relations with humankind and encasing her in a circle without anyone else. â€Å"(61). She turned out to be forlorn, and the red letter was a weight that Hester needed to convey ordinarily of her life, and the image, which disconnected her from some other human being.It caused Hester to be shunned, however Dimmesdale's weakness in not admitting lead at last, to his demise. Hester had a repulsive discipline: she needed to wear a red letter for an amazing remainder. Yet, Dimmesdale's inward battle with his own weakness and blame was far more awful than a red letter. He endured the most as he continually rebuffed himsel f for his transgression. In spite of the fact that Hester endured the open discipline she managed it well and accepted it, at last making a positive job for herself in the network and changing the importance of the red letter.She had the option to present appropriate reparations and in time through great deeds, change the significance of the red letter from â€Å"adulteress† to â€Å"able†. Dimmesdale then again, needs to consistently hold up under their transgression within him never permitting it to get open. He was never allowed the chance to make harmony with himself. Rather than taking his retribution freely he does it secretly. He had to proceed

New This Week Cause and Effect Graphic Organizers

New This Week Cause and Effect Graphic Organizers This week, TeacherVision advisory board member, Ronnie, has created three graphic organizers you can use to teach your students cause and effect. There is an organizer for grades K-1, an organizer for grades 2-3, and an organizer for grades, 3-4. These organizers will save you time. All you need to do is download and print.   Why Teaching Cause and Effect Matters Understanding the concept of cause and effect can strengthen students’ reading comprehension. Introducing to students that the cause is the reason why something happened, and the effect is what happens as a result is an important concept to teach students. When students are able to understand and articulate what happens in a text, and why it happens, they are showing evidence of critical thinking and reading comprehension. Here are three graphic organizers for supporting students to identify the cause and effect. Each organizer becomes more complex, and asks students to expand their thinking.     Teaching Tip In order to best meet each student where s/he is at, consider varying the organizer that you give each student. Some students may need to start at a more basic level, and others might be ready to deepen their thinking. The grade levels on each organizer are suggestions.     Teaching Tip Consider using one of these graphic organizers as a pre-assessment before you teach cause and effect. You will be able to learn what students already know, and what they still need to learn. This will help you prepare thoughtful lessons.   Teaching Tip Model the process of identifying the cause and effect for your students, and provide them with a completed graphic organizers that serves as an exemplar. When students are stuck, they can refer to the example, and use it to help them get started.     Cause and Effect Graphic Organizer (K-1)     Cause and Effect Graphic Organizer (2-3)     Cause and Effect Graphic Organizer (4-5)       How do you teach cause and effect? Share with us on Instagram, Facebook, Twitter, and Pinterest. Author Bio Ronnie Eyre has taught 5th grade in South Florida for the last eight years. She teaches in a self-contained classroom and makes sure all lessons are thoughtful, engaging, and thematic. When Ronnie isn't recording podcasts, or working to support teachers around the world, she is traveling with her husband and her son. You can find her podcast, Close The Door and Teach on Spotify and iTunes and read her blogs on A Teacher's Wonderland.

Critical Thinkings on Sustainable Development

The world commission on environment defines sustainable development as development that meets the needs of the present generation without compromising on the ability of future generations to survive. (OECD, 1987) Sustainable development emphasizes on the importance of quality of life and ensures that the decisions made by individuals and corporations today, take into consideration the social, economic and environmental issues without negatively impacting on the future generations’ ability to sustains itself. It’s thus built on these three major pillars that must be taken into consideration when developing a long term plan to meet the goals and objectives of sustainable development (Environment: Canada, 2002). Sustainable development in the world will be achievable if a couple of issues are addressed. These include: climate change, water quality and availability, clean air, wild life conservation, protection of the ecological system and biological resources. The general thinking in the world today has been that only corporations have been at the forefront in environmental degradation and thus should entirely be responsible in addressing sustainable development. While this may be partly true, it must be understood that each one of us has played a role in the problems that the world is experiencing today in one ways or another and should thus be actively involved in the sustainable development efforts (Environmental and Natural Resource Management, 2010). The quest for sustainable development in the world has witnessed the involvement of many companies. Unilever, a global manufacturing company, for instance has made a landmark in many nations in its efforts to conserve resources. It has been involved in a number of activities all geared towards improving the quality of human life. It has done this by initiating or sponsoring conservation efforts in many parts of the world and especially Canada, India and many parts of Africa. Its recent effort has been launching and assisting in many projects that address water consumption at the local, regional and global frontiers. In Canada for instance, Unilever is behind the creation of a marketing campaign that advises customers on how to save water. (Unilever,† Canada: education of consumer on water conservation†, 2010) It has also been involved in the reduction of liquid discharge (Unilever, â€Å"Our every day needs†, 2010). This project involves the treatment of effluents and creation of water for irrigation and it has been a huge success in India. Unilever has also been involved in the clean up of Lake Constance that borders Germany, Austria and Switzerland. The efforts by Unilever and many other multinationals are not and have not, however, been sufficient enough to meet the diverse needs for sustainable development as proven by the still persistent need for on going efforts towards sustainable development. Since each one of us contributes to the environment in one way or the other, its imperative that more efforts should be directed towards this end. This can only be done through partnerships amongst the stake holders. We can address these issues by partnering with the multinationals in the efforts to attain sustainable development  Ã‚   at personal, local and national levels. Partnerships between and among multinationals in the coordination of efficient production activities will go along way in addressing the sustainable development issues (CESD, 2007). Partnerships with governments, political stakeholders, individuals and non governmental organizations will also create lasting changes in the way things are done, creating efficiencies in production and consumption. This could be done through the institution of policies and legislation that ensures that there are laws that guide the code of behavior in individuals and corporations regarding the use of resources (Unilever: Our sustainability strategy, 2010). References CESD (2007). Sustainable Development Strategies. Canada: Commissioner of the Environment and Sustainable Development Environmental and Natural Resource Management. (2010). Climate change and water program. Retrieved Nov 1,2010 from http://www.idrc.ca/en/ev-155392-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html Unilever. (2010). Sustainable development overview 2009.   1-36. Retrieved from http://www.unilever.com/mediacentre/?WT.GNAV=Media_centre Environment Canada (2002). Threats to Water Availability in Canada. Canada: Environment Canada, National Water Research Institute. Unilever. (2010). Our sustainability strategy. Retrieved Nov 1, 2010 from http://www.unilever.com/sustainability/strategy/?WT.GNAV=Our_sustainability_strategy

Restorative Justice And Reducing Prison Population

Restorative Justice to Reduce Prison Population Is long-term incarceration working to resolve issues of criminal conduct? When considering the population of people incarcerated is rising at an alarming rate and crime statistics not dropping by much, it is hard to tell if incarceration is working in these modern times. The United States prison population is the largest in the world. In fact, the United States has 2.3 million persons in institutions which is more than the rest of the world combined (Wagner p. 2). Crime overall as decreased in the last 30 years with the introduction of rehabilitation programs but these programs are not universal. While serious crimes require serious punishment, most people that are incarcerated should be†¦show more content†¦Doing the same thing over and over again and expecting different results is considered by many as insanity. All over the country new programs are being tried to slow or reduce the recidivism the system experiences. A program in Oklahoma City OK, has created the first m ental health court in the Southwest United States. Deborah Smith Bailey states in her article, The model has proven so successful that, since the nation s first drug court was established in 1989 in Miami, 946 drug courts have been implemented, and another 441 are in the planning stages, according to the National Association of Drug Court Professionals(Bailey p.6). I want to use stats like these to help show the real effect on the lives of people in the programs. According to Deborah Bailey, some of the ways these programs are getting funding currently are non-traditional. Funding is coming from the private sector because the public system is not completely on board with these programs at the present time and not as willing to experiment. The article ends speaking about how everyone is effected positively with these programs so far (Bailey p.28). These programs have started the conversation and will help build support for a universal model used by all communities just as theShow MoreRelatedRestorative Justice For The Prisons1378 Words   |  6 Pagesgot released from the prisons? And how many effective programs can be helpful for them?Many posts-release prisoners have experienced recidivism and social stigmas due to lack of programs. In fact, restorative justice for people in prison has played a big role in our correctional systems in many different ways.Restorative justice in prison shapes our prisoner s morals and abilities by providing a suitable technique. Although punishment may play a part in restorative justice techniques, the centralRead MoreThe Justification For Imprisonment781 Words   |  4 Pagesthat have been committed. Most of these methods have had severe pitfalls in the effort to reduce prison populations, ranging from corporal punishment, deterrence and incapacitation, restorative justice, rehabilitation and reform, to reintegration methods. In my mind, the most cost efficient and effective punishment for crimes that are not considered serious violent crimes would be the restorative justice, the rehabilitation and reform method, and teaching offenders affective reintegration skills. Read MoreThe Failing Punitive System Of Today s Society1298 Words   |  6 PagesInstitute of Technology, â€Å"The Price of Prisons†). With statistics that frightening, how can we be expected to treat criminals like functioning members of society when statistics prove otherwise? We must change the facts. Throug h the decrease of the maximum time in Solitary confinement, the creation of serious accountability for guards and those who work in the system, and through the creation of a more restorative program, we can improve our judicial branch, reducing the recidivism rate by more than 50Read More Community Based Corrections: Viable Alternative to Incarceration1679 Words   |  7 Pageswhich community corrections reduce cost, prison populations, and decreases this rate judges should disposition to these programs in lieu of incarceration (Honarvar, 2010). The state spends taxpayer money on building correctional facilities and staff to supervise offenders, while the research shows reduced recidivism rates when community service and other alternative methods of rehabilitation are used (Hovarvar, 2010). However, to maintain the balance of justice and rehabilitation, society demands incarcerationRead MoreThe United States Faces Excessive Mass Incarceration1618 Words   |  7 Pageslargest pr ison population in the world and the second highest incarceration rate per-capita (1 in 100 citizens is behind bars). While you are certainly familiar with these statistics, I would like to emphasize that using incarceration as the primary response to social problems, as is happening today in the United States, impacts the incarcerated, their families and neighborhoods, as well as costing Maryland taxpayers millions of dollars annually. We must enact policies that downscale the prison populationRead MoreThe Juvenile Justice System Is Not Driven By Welfare And Justice2175 Words   |  9 Pagesorder to maintain a fair and just society. Therefore, it is the juvenile justice system’s responsibility to establish institutions and legislation to protect the important role that young people play in society. The system should also be driven by welfare and justice concerns as young people have special needs in regards to their age, and their physical, emotional and social development. It is essential that these welfare and justice concerns are addressed effectively by the system in order for youngRead MoreThe Time Of Early Human Civilization3258 Words   |  14 Pagesindividuals living in correctional facilities across the United States has reached unprecedented numbers which is described by many scholars a period of â€Å"mass imprisonment† (Garland 2001). According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics as of 2013, the American Correctional Population was estimated at 6,899,000 persons under the supervision of adult correction systems at year end of 2013, which was a decline of about 41,500 from 2012 (2013). It is also important to note that about two-thirds (67.8%)Read MoreThe Articles Of Cullen And Jonson1240 Words   |  5 Pagesexplains, 1 in every 100 American adults is behind bar and 1 in 31 is under someone form of correctional control. In the United States there are more than 1.6 million offenders imprisoned in state and federal institutions. Also the incarcerated population surpasses 2.4 million and there more than 828,000 people on parole, so inference there are 7.4 million Americans under the supervision of the correctional system. Throughout class, we have learned that the goals of the criminal punishment systemRead MoreRestorative Justice Policy Proposal for Juvenile Justice System2875 Words   |  12 Pagesofficers, judges, prosecutors as well as other juvenile professi onals are advocating for a juvenile justice system which is greatly based on restorative justice. These groups of people have been frustrated by the policy uncertainty between retribution and treatment as well as unrealistic and unclear public expectations. As a primary mission, the balanced approach or policy allows juvenile justice systems together with its agencies to improve in their capacity of protecting the community and ensuringRead MoreThe Key Drivers Of Growth Behind Our Prison Population939 Words   |  4 PagesThe primary purpose of prison is to protect the community and rehabilitate the offender (Smart Justice, 2015). Research has indicated that prison fails to do this and instead can increase the rate of reoffending (Smart Justice, 2015). Prison does not address the causes of the person’s criminal offending. Imprisonment is designed to be a sentence of last resort, yet we are building more prisons at an ever increasing rate (Smart Justice, 2015). In Victoria, annually, the prison system cost more than

Little Mermaid Free Essays

This is the story of a little mermaid named Ariel, who dreams of going above the sea. When her father, King Triton, forbids her to go above the sea, she visits Queen Ursula who her father had banished. Even though she helps her get to get above the sea, what Ariel doesn’t know is that Ursula has plans to destroy her to get revenge on her father. We will write a custom essay sample on Little Mermaid or any similar topic only for you Order Now Ariel uses her voice to get the prince attention. In this paper I will use theories to summarize Little Mermaid movie. I believe Ariel is at stage 6 of Erickson`s theory because she is now at the age where she think she know what love is. Her father forbid her to go above the sea but the love she had for the prince caused he to defy what her father instructed. Ariel was determined and will not let nothing stop her. She went into a stage of isolation everything she did or thought about was revolved around getting married to the prince. She had other sisters and a father but whenever it was time for the other mermaids to sing or put on an show, little Ariel was no where to be found. When her Father learned of her defying his word, he was angry. Ariel took matters in her own hand, by consulting with the wicked Queen alone. Yes granted the wicked Queen Ursula made Ariel human, but at what cost? The cost was her voice (operant conditioning). Not really understanding how she would get the prince to know her because she was unable to talk, Ariel used her looks to entice the prince. She was like some typical teenagers today. Ariel’s father wanted to reinforce a positive behavior (not allowing her to go above the sea, for her safety), but Ariel acted out in a negative way (she went above the sea anyway). Ariel performed a voluntary action to get something she wanted (operant behavior). Growing up as the youngest of her other five sisters, Ariel felt a sense of inferiority to her older sister. They were all able to go above the sea but she was not because of her age (industry vs inferiority, Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages of Development). The feeling of inferiority that Ariel felt was so strong, that she felt the need to go above the see everyday. In Piaget’s theory which states as a person goes through life Ariel was so determined to become a human that she imitated and idiolized what humans did. Each time she woud visit above the sea she would come back with a keepsake that humans used(comb, fork, and even the statue that fell off the prince’s boat during a storm one particular day. This type of behavior How to cite Little Mermaid, Papers

Greening Organizational Behavior

Question: Discuss about the Essay for Greening Organizational Behavior? Answer: Comparison between organizational structures According to Altman et al. (2013), practices, policies, principles and values of an organization develop its culture. That is why; based on different policies and principles, different cultures are formed which are, Normative culture: In this type of organizational culture, procedures of an organization are predefined. Besides, the rules and regulations are developed based on existing guidelines. ragmatic culture: In this type of organizational culture, more focus is put on the clients and external stakeholders. Providing better customer services is the main motive of this type of organizational culture (Andersson et al. 2013). Academy culture: In this culture, organizations recruit skilled individuals and responsibilities of those individuals are set based on background, work experience and educational qualification. Educational organizations such as universities and hospitals practice such a culture. Club culture: Companies that follow this culture are very particular about the employees they hire. Employees are hired as per their specialization, interest and educational qualification. Fortress culture: Employees who work in this organizational culture are not sure about their career and longevity. Employees are easily terminated if they fail to perform according to the demand of the management. Tough person culture: Feedbacks play a major role in this type of organizational culture. Higher authority of organizations who follow this culture regularly review and monitor performances of the employees. Team managers are appointed to converse quarries with the team members and help them to provide guidance when required. Employees in are under continuous surveillance in such a culture (Fisher and To 2012). Bet your company culture: Some organizations like to take higher amount of risk where consequences are unanticipated. These organizations mostly follow bet your company culture. The rules and regulations of such organization are formulated to address susceptible issues. Therefore, it takes time to cultivate positive results in these types of organizations. Process culture: According to McShane and Von Glinow (2012), employees in this type of organizational culture stick to the methods and procedures of that organization. In these type of organizational culture feedbacks and presentation reviews do not matter. Employees are forced to follow rules and regulations. They are also forced to follow the ideologies of the workplace. Organizational structure According to Morgeson et al. (2013), there are seven types of organizational structures which are here by mentioned below, Line organization: In this type of organizational structures, direct and vertical relationships between different levels of the firm are seen. Advantage: It promotes faster decision-making and this structure is simple to understand. Disadvantage: This structure denies specialists in planning and it overloads key persons. Functional authority organizational structure: Jobs in this type of organizational structure are divided as line position and staff position. Line position is a chain of command that stays responsible for the achievement of a companys goal. On the other hand, staff position is intended to provide expertise, advice and support for the line position (Nahavandi et al. 2013). Line and staff organizational culture: Most of the large companies have direct and vertical relationship among different levels. They also have specialists accountable for advising and assisting line managers. Divisional organizational structure: In this type of organizational structure, different factors influence its departments, which are function, geographic, product, combination approach and project. Project organizational structure: These types of organizations are temporary and are designed to gain particular results by using teams of specialists from dissimilar functional areas. Here work is defined by a particular goal and target date for completion. Matrix organizational structure: This type of organizations is permanent in nature and uses a horizontal set of divisions and reporting relationships onto a hierarchical functional structure. Hybrid organizational structure: In this type of organizational structure, corporate and divisional goals are aligned together to reach functional and operational efficiency. Adaptability and flexibility are the biggest advantages of this type of organizational structure ((Nahavandi et al. 2013). Relationship between an organizations structure and culture can impact on the performance of the business Organizational structure and culture are the most important elements that help a company to achieve their marketing goals and targets (Andersson, Jackson and Russell 2013). If a company operates by concentrating on these aspects, it is obvious that it will attract more customers. Organizational culture helps to develop organizational structure, which in turn influences a firms capability to apply required alteration efficiently. Organizational culture describes the way workers entire task interrelates with each other in the association. The cultural model includes a variety of values, beliefs, rituals, and symbols that govern the working style of the people in the company (Andersson, Jackson and Russell 2013). It can be said that corporate culture binds the workforce together which in turn helps the company to find the proper direction. On the other hand, organizational structure helps the employees to work without stress and pressure. As it is discussed earlier that organizational s tructure is responsible for employee motivation and employee motivation in turn drives the employees to perform their best, there is no doubt that a good structure serves to provide better performance in an organization. Factors which influence the behavior of individuals in an organization The most important factors influencing behavior of a person in an association are leadership strategies of managers, work culture, job responsibilities, efficient communication and relationship at work (Andersson, Jackson and Russell 2013). Managers or leaders of a company must always help and guide their team members in their day-to-day operations. It is observed that employees do not feel like going to work if their bosses are strict. On the other hand, if the work place offers same rules and regulation for every employee and offers a comfortable and positive work culture, employees will be encouraged. If employees are allowed to do what best they can perform, it will encourage them to upgrade their skills time to time. Effective communication between managers and employees also cultivates great results while influencing ones behavior. If managers and leaders of a company do not communicate regularly with their employees, they will feel left out and will lose their interest in work . Mangers must consult with his employees before taking any major or even minor decision. When employees will be allowed to share their views and problems with the higher authority, they will understand that the company is thinking about them and they will feel encouraged. Besides, it is important to have friends at the workplace. An individual needs people around him to talk, discuss and share experiences. It is not possible to work in isolation. If a company does not allow its employees to interact with fellow workers, it will create stress at workplace. To, Mr. Smith The Director Scoops n Smiles Ltd., Subject: Leadership strategy in your organization Respected Sir, This letter is to notify about the leadership strategy which is followed in your organization and the possible impacts of it. Your organization strictly follows an autocratic leadership style because the views and suggestions of the employees are kept unnoticed at the time of making any decision. This decision-making style is also known as authority decision making style in which the higher authority solely decides what to do without considering the needs of the employees. From the background of some successful organizations, it can be said that authoritative decision-making can cause severe damage to your organization. It is strongly recommended that Scoops n Smiles should follow a democratic or participative decision-making style to collect the comments of their employees. Steve Jobs was once forced to resign from Apple as he became an autocratic leader and started to take decisions on his own. At that time Apple experienced their worst time in the industry as the company lost the trust and loyalty of its employees. Later Steve Jobs came back to the company after ten years with a new strategy, which was the participative leadership strategy. He hired and allowed other leaders of the company such as Jonathan Ivy and Tim Cook to take some major decisions. He also communicated with the employees to note down their thoughts before making any decision. As a result, Apple has become one of the most successful organizations in the world. There are some other management styles which are commonly used in various organizations according to their targets and goals. Some of those management styles are hereby discussed so that authority of Scoops n Smiles can pick the perfect management styles for their organization. Democratic or participative style of management is already discussed. Besides, democratic style, some famous management styles are Directive management style, Affiliative management style, Pacesetting management styles and Coaching. Directive management style allows the manager to control the employees closely by implementing several disciplines and threats to motivate them. This management style is activated when the organization is going through a crisis and any deviation is risky. When employees of an organization are not well developed, this management style threatens them to improve their working style. On the other hand, affiliative management style serves to establish harmony among the employees and bet ween managers and employees. This management styles helps the authority to avoid conflicts among the employees while keeping a good personal relationship within the organization. This management style is used with other management styles for counseling and helping the employees so that they can implement their own styles to complete a work. Pacesetting management style has the objective of accomplishing tasks with a higher standard of excellence. The manager of a company where this management style is followed performs many tasks personally and asks the employees to follow his example. This management styles is activated when employees are highly motivated and competent, no direction and coordination is required to show the right way to the employees. However, this management style is not welcomed in an organization where workload requires assistance from others and employees need coaching and coordination. Another management style is coaching that follows the lead of the development manager of an organization. This style helps the employees to develop their strengths and improve their performances. It is recommended that, according to the goals and objectives of Scoops n Smiles Ltd., senior authorities can choose any of these management styles to grow their business in the near future. However, using autocratic management style will not help the organization as it will discourage the employees which will hamper the overall performance. Yours Faithfully, (Name of the Student) Organizational theories Scientific management: This management theory is also known as Taylorism and it serves to analyze and synthesize workflows. According to Powell and DiMaggio (2012), main objectives of scientific management are to enhance economic efficiency, especially labor productivity. The biggest advantage of scientific management would be figuring out how much time it would take to complete a task by the employees. If the calculated time is much more than expected time then amount of time can be decreased by removing any potential waste in the workers process. Time studies in this theory involve breaking down each job into sub parts, timing each element and rearranging the parts in to the most efficient method of working. Human relations approach: Experts of human relations tried to combine psychology and sociology with management. According to Andersson, Jackson and Russell (2013), an organization can be called as a social system of interpersonal and inter group relationship. That is when human relations approach was introduced that includes some principles such as, Human beings are not only interested in financial gains but they also wants recognition and approval. Each worker must be treated as normal human being as they are not machines. Therefore, higher authorities must try to understand their feelings. In any organization, workers do not like inner conflicts; therefore, managers should try to avoid supervision and should have control over workers. Administrative theory: This theory works to figure out a lucid way to design an organization as a whole. This theory develops a dignified administrative structure, a clear division of workers and allocation of power and influence to administrators. Fourteen principles of this theory are division of work, discipline, unity of direction, authority, subordination of individual interests to genera interest, unity of command, centralization, order, remuneration, scalar chain, initiative, equity, esprit de corps, and stability of tenure of personnel. Use of scientific management The best example of an organization that has gained success after using scientific management is Burger King. Training, reward systems including a stable work environment has improved the efficiency of the employees of Burger King. Regular monitoring of performance has helped the organization to avoid under working. It have also helped to standardize job activities. Use of human relations approach Human resource managements of an organization use human relation approaches to keep the motivation of the employees at high. Different organization use different approaches such as some of the organizations implement incentives and bonuses for the employees who perform properly. Some organizations provide non-financial rewards such as holidays, transports and health checkups. Use of administrative theory Administrative manager are the senior managers and leads of an organization that are responsible for making information flow and decision-making. They make sure that the system is running properly and in effective manner. Administrative management theory provides importance to formal organizations by using five major functions which are planning, coordinating, organizing, controlling and commanding (Andersson, Jackson and Russell 2013). Understanding the ways of using motivational theories in the Organization Discussing the impact of different leadership style on motivation in the organization in the period of change Altman, Valenzi and Hodgetts (2013) have stated that leadership is the link through which an individual manipulates the activities of other persons in an association. Therefore, different leadership styles automatically leave an impact on the employee motivation in the organization in the period of change. Autocratic Leadership: This autocratic leadership style is one that leaders have absolute power over their workers or the team. These types of leaders instruct the people what to do rather than asking for the opinions of the employees. Some of the organizations use autocratic leadership styles, as the nature of the business demands this leadership style (Andersson, Jackson and Russell 2013). Democratic Leadership: Daily, Bishop and Maynard-Patrick (2013) have said that the democratic leaders make the last decision and in the entire decision-making process, encourage all the employees to take part. It has been seen that this leadership style is accepted, as it helps to boost job satisfaction of the employees by involving all the team members. Laissez-faire leadership: This style states where the managers observe that all the members in the organization are working on their own. It has been seen that most of the organizations in the present day work under laissez-faire leadership approach, where the employees enjoy the power and at the same time they determine the goals and the objectives in a short time basis (Fisher and To 2012). Comparing the application of different motivational theories within the workplace Fox et al. (2012) has said that motivation theories can be classified extensively into two different viewpoints and they are content theories and motivation theories. It has been found that content theories give importance on what motivates individually and on the other hand, process theories shed focus on the real process of motivation. McShane and Von Glinow (2012) have stated that motivation is one of the complex factors that is influenced by withdrawals as well as reinforced by the multiple factors. Maslow has put forward a theory that states that there are five levels of human needs that the employees are required to fulfill at work. In contrast, Herzbergs theory proposes that there are two essential needs of each person including hygiene factors and motivation factor. Therefore, it can be said that some of the differences exist in the motivational theories within the workplace and these have been explained herein detail (Moore et al. 2012). Effectiveness of the motivational theory for the managers in the real life Morgeson et al. (2013) has said that motivation is to encourage the employees in the workplace to work properly and independently in order to get the best result. It can be said that the employees in the organization are required to be treated with proper assiduousness and the managers have to stay friendly and at the same time is required to maintain a level of distance with the staffs. The staffs look at the managers as leaders and thus the employees expect maturity, understanding and rationality from the managers. Nahavandi et al. (2013) have stated that some of the common practices like calling people by their first name, chatting with them, bringing the feelings of belongingness helps a lot to create a smooth relationship among the managers and the employees (Nelson and Quick 2012) Understanding mechanisms for developing effective teamwork in the organizations Explanation of the nature of groups and the behavior of the groups within an organization Pentland and Hrem (2015) have declared that, there are two types of teams in organizations and they are the formal group and informal group. It is important to mention that a group in the organization passes through five major lifestyle stages and they are forming, storming, norming, performing and adjourning. Therefore, it can be easily said that the members of a team can be easily measured through these five stages. Forming states the first entry of the member to the team, the norming stage is a point when the team begins to come in collaboration as a corresponding unit. Performing stage defines the appearance of a mature, structured and well-functioning team. Adjourning stage is specifically significant for the transitory teams. Therefore, it is no doubt for saying that all the teams act separately in the organization (Spector and Meier 2014). Discussing the factors that promote and slow down the development of the effective teamwork in organizations Factors promoting the development of the effective teamwork in organizations Diversity: Symon and Cassell (2012) have stated that an effective team welcomes a diversity of culture along with talents and personalities. Diversity has the potentiality to promote creativity and innovation and at the same time raises awareness and respect for others. Communication: Tyler (2014) has explained that effective teamwork is largely facilitated by a clear as well as an open communication and thus all the team members are required to be aligned to the targets, timelines and responsibilities of the organization. Leadership: Effective leadership supports a powerful teamwork and all the team members benefit from several sources of inspiration and direction. Powerful leadership helps the organization to achieve success easily in most of the organizations (Vivek 2016). Factors slowing down the development of the effective teamwork in organizations Underprivileged Communication: Poor communication is one of the barriers of developing a work atmosphere. Weick (2012) has said that the team members who do not communicate properly in the organization can create breakdown, which most of the times inhibit team development. Uncertain Goals: A work team is created to achieve organizational goals and objectives and thus the goals and the objectives are required to be created properly. If the goals are not presented properly by the management, then the team cannot work properly to achieve the desired result. Lack of Managerial involvement: Morgeson et al. (2013) has said that managers in the company are responsible to make a qualified staff members and lack of this capacity hampers the growth of the organization. Management must not delegate responsibility and thus must work as a source of teamwork to the team members of the organization. An evaluation of the impact of technology on team functioning Fox et al. (2012) has said that technology has enhanced the communication within the team members and communication assists in creating better team. Morgeson et al. (2013) have mentioned some of the impacts of technology on the team functioning and they are as follows. Better Communication: Technology has helped in the enhancing of team building, and of lately all the employees in the organization stay connected with each other in the organization. Business Strategies: McShane and Von Glinown (2012) has stated that technologies help the group members for making improved business strategies and the appearance of IT technology has provided several innovative chances to the group members of the organization. Better organizational culture: Technology has helped in building better organizational culture and in most of the organizations, organizational culture is advanced by keeping open communication within the team members. Efficient Productivity: Nahavandi et al. (2013) have stated that utilization of technology is the center of every industry. All the organizations are required to focus on proper blending of conventional skills and the application of information technology for improving the entire efficiency in the organization. Management Process: It has been found that technologies in the present day are helping the team of an organization to maintain some important tasks like preserving database, business via online media and market surveys. These activities are executed more competently in a short time with the use of technology (Nahavandi et al. 2013). Therefore, it can be stated that technology has been gradually leaving a strong impact on team performance of the organizations. References Altman, S., Valenzi, E. and Hodgetts, R.M., 2013.Organizational behavior: Theory and practice. Elsevier. Andersson, L., Jackson, S.E. and Russell, S.V., 2013. Greening organizational behavior: An introduction to the special issue.Journal of Organizational Behavior,34(2), pp.151-155. Daily, B.F., Bishop, J.W. and Maynard-Patrick, S., 2013. Practicing What We Teach: Applying Organizational Behavior Theory to Academic Success.Journal of Managerial Issues,25(1), p.8. Fisher, C.D. and To, M.L., 2012. 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